Pulpectomia: publicações, evidências científicas e influência da pandemia de Covid-19 / Pulpectomy: publications, scientific evidence and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivou-se analisar o panorama das publicações sobre pulpectomia, de forma geral, além de verificar as evidências acerca do potencial de redução de endotoxinas pelo hidróxido de cálcio e investigar a influência da pandemia de COVID-19 em relação à realização de procedimentos endodônticos em Odontopediatria. Para tanto, foram realizados três estudos. O primeiro visou mapear e discutir, por meio de uma revisão bibliométrica, o panorama das publicações científicas acerca da pulpectomia em dentes decíduos utilizando os termos "pulpectomy", "root canal", "child" AND "preschoolar". O segundo estudo delineou-se como uma revisão sistemática, seguida de metanálise objetivando verificar se existem evidências de redução de endotoxinas antes e depois do uso de hidróxido de cálcio como medicação intracanal em canais radiculares infectados. Riscos de avaliação de viés e metanálises foram realizados. A certeza de evidência foi determinada pelo GRADE. O terceiro estudo pretendeu verificar as possíveis influências da pandemia de COVID-19 na realização de procedimentos endodônticos em Odontopediatria, por meio da aplicação de um questionário eletrônico composto por perguntas divididas em 3 domínios: (1) informações profissionais; (2) gerenciamento de biossegurança e (3) protocolo endodôntico de atendimento antes e durante a pandemia. Após a realização dos três estudos, foi identificada uma tendência na pesquisa científica para a utilização de instrumentação mecanizada e pastas obturadoras mais biocompatíveis e eficazes. Foi possível observar ausência de estudos clínicos multicêntricos sobre procedimentos de pulpectomia em dentes decíduos. A maioria dos estudos foi publicada em periódicos de Odontopediatria, apresentaram ampla variedade de protocolos de tratamento e foram realizados principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, denotando claro viés nas opções de tratamento oferecidas para crianças em todo o mundo, uma vez que o acesso aos serviços de anestesia geral em países desenvolvidos favorece a exodontia dos dentes com comprometimento pulpar. Além disso, concluiu-se que o hidróxido de cálcio reduz os níveis de endotoxinas quando usado como medicação intracanal, mas é incapaz de eliminá-las completamente em dentes permanentes, independentemente de sua associação com alguma solução irrigante. Não foram recuperados artigos em dentes decíduos. No terceiro estudo, a amostra final foi composta por 313 participantes de todos os estados brasileiros. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (90,35%), e mais da metade cursou Odontopediatria em instituição privada (50,25%) há mais de dez anos (53,63%) e trabalha em metrópole (54,75%). No geral, a maioria dos respondentes atualmente prática Odontopediatria exclusivamente em clínicas privadas (61,63%). Durante a pandemia de COVID-19 foi possível ver um aumento na complexidade dos casos planejados previamente e da quantidade de urgências odontológicas. Levando isso em consideração, muitos odontopediatras sentiram a necessidade de se reinventarem, priorizando técnicas minimamente invasivas e com um menor tempo de consulta. Com isso, pôde-se notar uma tendência pela busca do tratamento endodôntico não instrumental (p<0,01), justamente por ser uma técnica mais rápida e barata. Apesar de já existirem muitos trabalhos publicados acerca da endodontia em dentes decíduos, conforme constatado nos dois primeiros estudos, observa-se que ainda são necessárias novas investigações nessa área. (AU)

The objective was to analyze the overview of publications on pulpectomy, in general, in addition to verifying the evidence about the potential for endotoxin reduction by calcium hydroxide and to investigate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to the performance of endodontic procedures in Pediatric Dentistry. Therefore, three studies were carried out. The first aimed to map and discuss, through a bibliometric review, the panorama of scientific publications about pulpectomy in primary teeth using the terms "pulpectomy", "root canal", "child" AND "preschooler". The second study was designed as a systematic review, followed by a meta-analysis aiming to verify if there is evidence of endotoxin reduction before and after the use of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medication in infected root canals. Bias assessment risks and meta-analyses were performed. The certainty of evidence was determined by GRADE. The third study aimed to verify the possible influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of endodontic procedures in Pediatric Dentistry, through the application of an electronic questionnaire composed of questions divided into 3 domains: (1) professional information; (2) biosafety management and (3) endodontic care protocol before and during the pandemic. After carrying out the three studies, a trend in scientific research towards the use of mechanized instrumentation and more biocompatible and effective filling pastes was identified. It was possible to observe the absence of multicenter clinical studies on pulpectomy procedures in primary teeth. Most studies were published in pediatric dentistry journals, presented a wide variety of treatment protocols, and were carried out mainly in developing countries, denoting a clear bias in the treatment options offered to children around the world, since access to care services general anesthesia in developed countries favors extraction of teeth with pulp involvement. Furthermore, it was concluded that calcium hydroxide reduces the levels of endotoxins when used as an intracanal medication but is unable to completely eliminate them in permanent teeth, regardless of its association with some irrigating solution. No articles in primary teeth were retrieved. In the third study, the final sample consisted of 313 participants from all Brazilian states. Most of the participants were female (90.35%), and more than half had studied Pediatric Dentistry at a private institution (50.25%) for over ten years (53.63%) and worked in a metropolis (54.75% ). Overall, the majority of respondents currently practice Pediatric Dentistry exclusively in private clinics (61.63%). During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was possible to see an increase in the complexity of previously planned cases and the number of dental emergencies. Taking this into account, many pediatric dentists felt the need to reinvent themselves, changing case plans, prioritizing minimally invasive techniques and with less chair time. Thus, a trend towards the search for non-instrumental endodontic treatment (p<0.001) could be noted, precisely because it is a faster and cheaper technique. Although there are many published works about endodontics in deciduous teeth, as seen in the first two studies, it was observed that further investigations are still needed. (AU)

Pulpectomia: publicações, evidências científicas e influência da pandemia de Covid-19 / Pulpectomy: publications, scientific evidence and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivou-se analisar o panorama das publicações sobre pulpectomia, de forma geral, além de verificar as evidências acerca do potencial de redução de endotoxinas pelo hidróxido de cálcio e investigar a influência da pandemia de COVID-19 em relação à realização de procedimentos endodônticos em Odontopediatria. Para tanto, foram realizados três estudos. O primeiro visou mapear e discutir, por meio de uma revisão bibliométrica, o panorama das publicações científicas acerca da pulpectomia em dentes decíduos utilizando os termos "pulpectomy", "root canal", "child" AND "preschoolar". O segundo estudo delineou-se como uma revisão sistemática, seguida de metanálise objetivando verificar se existem evidências de redução de endotoxinas antes e depois do uso de hidróxido de cálcio como medicação intracanal em canais radiculares infectados. Riscos de avaliação de viés e metanálises foram realizados. A certeza de evidência foi determinada pelo GRADE. O terceiro estudo pretendeu verificar as possíveis influências da pandemia de COVID-19 na realização de procedimentos endodônticos em Odontopediatria, por meio da aplicação de um questionário eletrônico composto por perguntas divididas em 3 domínios: (1) informações profissionais; (2) gerenciamento de biossegurança e (3) protocolo endodôntico de atendimento antes e durante a pandemia. Após a realização dos três estudos, foi identificada uma tendência na pesquisa científica para a utilização de instrumentação mecanizada e pastas obturadoras mais biocompatíveis e eficazes. Foi possível observar ausência de estudos clínicos multicêntricos sobre procedimentos de pulpectomia em dentes decíduos. A maioria dos estudos foi publicada em periódicos de Odontopediatria, apresentaram ampla variedade de protocolos de tratamento e foram realizados principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, denotando claro viés nas opções de tratamento oferecidas para crianças em todo o mundo, uma vez que o acesso aos serviços de anestesia geral em países desenvolvidos favorece a exodontia dos dentes com comprometimento pulpar. Além disso, concluiu-se que o hidróxido de cálcio reduz os níveis de endotoxinas quando usado como medicação intracanal, mas é incapaz de eliminá-las completamente em dentes permanentes, independentemente de sua associação com alguma solução irrigante. Não foram recuperados artigos em dentes decíduos. No terceiro estudo, a amostra final foi composta por 313 participantes de todos os estados brasileiros. A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (90,35%), e mais da metade cursou Odontopediatria em instituição privada (50,25%) há mais de dez anos (53,63%) e trabalha em metrópole (54,75%). No geral, a maioria dos respondentes atualmente prática Odontopediatria exclusivamente em clínicas privadas (61,63%). Durante a pandemia de COVID-19 foi possível ver um aumento na complexidade dos casos planejados previamente e da quantidade de urgências odontológicas. Levando isso em consideração, muitos odontopediatras sentiram a necessidade de se reinventarem, priorizando técnicas minimamente invasivas e com um menor tempo de consulta. Com isso, pôde-se notar uma tendência pela busca do tratamento endodôntico não instrumental (p<0,01), justamente por ser uma técnica mais rápida e barata. Apesar de já existirem muitos trabalhos publicados acerca da endodontia em dentes decíduos, conforme constatado nos dois primeiros estudos, observa-se que ainda são necessárias novas investigações nessa área. (AU)

The objective was to analyze the overview of publications on pulpectomy, in general, in addition to verifying the evidence about the potential for endotoxin reduction by calcium hydroxide and to investigate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to the performance of endodontic procedures in Pediatric Dentistry. Therefore, three studies were carried out. The first aimed to map and discuss, through a bibliometric review, the panorama of scientific publications about pulpectomy in primary teeth using the terms "pulpectomy", "root canal", "child" AND "preschooler". The second study was designed as a systematic review, followed by a meta-analysis aiming to verify if there is evidence of endotoxin reduction before and after the use of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medication in infected root canals. Bias assessment risks and meta-analyses were performed. The certainty of evidence was determined by GRADE. The third study aimed to verify the possible influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of endodontic procedures in Pediatric Dentistry, through the application of an electronic questionnaire composed of questions divided into 3 domains: (1) professional information; (2) biosafety management and (3) endodontic care protocol before and during the pandemic. After carrying out the three studies, a trend in scientific research towards the use of mechanized instrumentation and more biocompatible and effective filling pastes was identified. It was possible to observe the absence of multicenter clinical studies on pulpectomy procedures in primary teeth. Most studies were published in pediatric dentistry journals, presented a wide variety of treatment protocols, and were carried out mainly in developing countries, denoting a clear bias in the treatment options offered to children around the world, since access to care services general anesthesia in developed countries favors extraction of teeth with pulp involvement. Furthermore, it was concluded that calcium hydroxide reduces the levels of endotoxins when used as an intracanal medication but is unable to completely eliminate them in permanent teeth, regardless of its association with some irrigating solution. No articles in primary teeth were retrieved. In the third study, the final sample consisted of 313 participants from all Brazilian states. Most of the participants were female (90.35%), and more than half had studied Pediatric Dentistry at a private institution (50.25%) for over ten years (53.63%) and worked in a metropolis (54.75% ). Overall, the majority of respondents currently practice Pediatric Dentistry exclusively in private clinics (61.63%). During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was possible to see an increase in the complexity of previously planned cases and the number of dental emergencies. Taking this into account, many pediatric dentists felt the need to reinvent themselves, changing case plans, prioritizing minimally invasive techniques and with less chair time. Thus, a trend towards the search for non-instrumental endodontic treatment (p<0.001) could be noted, precisely because it is a faster and cheaper technique. Although there are many published works about endodontics in deciduous teeth, as seen in the first two studies, it was observed that further investigations are still needed. (AU)

Does Calcium Hydroxide Reduce Endotoxins in Infected Root Canals? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of endotoxin reduction by comparing the number of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) before and after the use of calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2) as intracanal medication (ICM). METHODS: Searches were performed up to June 2020. Clinical and experimental studies comparing the amount of LPSs before and after the use of Ca(OH)2 as ICM in infected root canals were included. Risks of bias assessment and data extraction were performed. Meta-analysis was conducted by subgrouping according to Ca(OH)2, the presence of an antimicrobial substance (AS), irrigant solution during chemomechanical preparation (CMP), and the incidence of LPS reduction. The certainty of evidence was determined by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. RESULTS: Nine studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and 7 in the meta-analysis. Three articles had low risk of bias (RB), 1 had moderate RB, 2 had high RB, and 3 "some concerns." Overall, Ca(OH)2, with or without AS, reduced mean LPSs before CMP (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -1.087 [confidence interval {CI}, -1.453 to -0.721], P < .001, I2 = 58.7%) and after CMP (SMD = -0.919 [CI, -1.156 to -0.682], P < .001, I2 = 24.7%). Considering the irrigant solutions, the overall results showed a reduction before (SMD = -1.053 [CI, -1.311 to -0.795], P < .001, I2 = 58.7%) and after CMP (SMD = -0.938 [CI, -1.147 to -0.729], P < .001, I2 = 24,6%). Analyses presented very low certainty of evidence. The incidence of LPS reduction was 98.9% and 61.7% for Ca(OH)2 with and without AS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ca(OH)2 reduces endotoxin levels when used as ICM but is unable to eliminate LPSs completely independent of the irrigating solution used with very low certainty of evidence.

Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Head and Neck Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis from Latin America.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory myeloid neoplastic proliferation with variable clinical behavior caused by the accumulation of CD1a+/CD207+ histiocytes, associated with a variable number of eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and multinucleated giant cells, most commonly observed in male children. LCH is uncommon in the head and neck region, occurring as ulcerated and reddened plaques or nodules that cause destruction of adjacent soft tissues and bone. The exact etiology of LCH is still unknown and controversial, with possible etiologic role of viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of patients with LCH of the head and neck region. Clinical data from 19 patients with LCH were obtained from the archives of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the Clinical Head and Neck Center of Guatemala. All cases were submitted to morphological, immunohistochemical analysis with CD1a, CD207, CD3, CD20, CD68, S-100 and Ki-67 and in situ hybridization for EBV. Ten cases were female and 9 male, with mean age of 11.5 years. Fourteen cases were located in the oral cavity, three cases in lymph nodes, and two cases in the scalp. In regard to the oral lesions, 13 cases were intra-osseous with six cases in anterior mandible, five cases in posterior mandible, and two cases in posterior maxilla while one case was located exclusively in the gingiva. The inflammatory pattern showed variation in the number of plasma cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes, while tumor cells were positive for CD1a, S-100 and CD68 in all cases, and positive for CD207 in 18 cases. In situ hybridization for EBV were negative in all cases.